NEB Class 12 Physics Curriculum

Physics (Phy. 102)
Syllabus

Full marks: 75 (Pass marks: 24)

Course Contents:

Mechanics

Unit 1: Rotational dynamics

1. Equation of angular motion, Relation between linear and angular kinematics
2. Kinetic energy of rotation of rigid body
3. Moment of inertia; Radius of gyration
4. Moment of inertia of a uniform rod
5. Torque and angular acceleration for a rigid body
6. Work and power in rotational motion
7. Angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum

Unit 2: Periodic motion

1. Equation of simple harmonic motion (SHM)
2. Energy in SHM
3. Application of SHM: vertical oscillation of mass suspended from coiled spring
4. Angular SHM, simple pendulum
5. Oscillatory motion: Damped oscillation, Forced oscillation and resonance.

Unit 3: Fluid Statics

1. Fluid statics: Pressure in a fluid; Buoyancy
2. Surface tension: Theory of surface tension; Surface energy
3. Angle of contact, capillarity and its applications
4. FluidDynamics: Newton’s formula for viscosity in a liquid; Coefficient of viscosity
5. Poiseuille’s formula and its application
6. Bernoulli’s equation and its applications.

Heat and Thermodynamics

Unit 4: First law of thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic systems
2. Work done during volume change
3. Heat and work; Internal energy and First law of thermodynamics
4. Thermodynamic processes: Adiabatic, isochoric, isothermal and isobaric
5. Heat capacities of an ideal gas at constant pressure and volume and relation between them
6. Isothermal and Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas.

Unit 5: Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic systems and direction of thermodynamic processes
2. Second law of thermodynamics
3. Heat engines
4. Internal combustion engines: Otto cycle, Diesel cycle; Carnot cycle
5. Refrigerator
6. Entropy and disorder (introduction only)

Wave and Optics

Unit 6: Wave motion

1. Progressive waves
2. Mathematical description of a wave
3. Stationary waves

Unit 7: Mechanical Waves

1. Speed of wave motion; Velocity of sound in solid and liquid
2. Velocity of sound in gas
3. Laplace’s correction
4. Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound

Unit 8: Wave in Pipes and Strings:

1. Stationary waves in closed and open pipes
2. Harmonics and overtones in closed and open organ pipes
3. End correction in pipes
4. Velocity of transverse waves along a stretched string
5. Vibration of string and overtones
6. Laws of vibration of fixed string

Unit 9: Acoustic Phenomena

1. Sound waves: Pressure amplitude
2. Characteristics of sound: Intensity; loudness, quality and pitch
3. Doppler’s effect.

Unit 10: Nature and Propagation of Light

1. Huygen’s principle
2. Reflection and Refraction according to wave theory

Unit 11: Interference

1. Phenomenon of Interferences: Coherent sources
2. Young’s double slit experiment.

Unit 12: Diffraction

1. Diffraction from a single slit
2. Diffraction pattern of image; Diffraction grating
3. Resolving power of optical instruments

Unit 13: Polarization

1. Phenomenon of polarization
2. Brewster’s law; transverse nature of light
3. Polaroid

Electricity and Magnetism

Unit 14: Electrical Circuits

1. Wheatstone bridge circuit; Meter bridge
2. Potentiometer: Comparison of e.m.f., measurement of internal resistances of a cell
3. Super conductors; Perfect conductors
4. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter; Ohmmeter
5. Joule’s law

Unit 15: Thermoelectric Effects

1. Seebeck effect; Thermocouples
2. Peltier effect: Variation of thermoelectric e.m.f. with temperature; Thermopile

Unit 16: Magnetic Field

1. Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux; Oersted’s experiment
2. Force on moving charge; Force on a conductor
3. Force and Torque on rectangular coil, Moving coil galvanometer
4. Hall effect
5. Magnetic field of a moving charge
6. Biot and Savart law and its application to (i) a circular coil (ii) a long straight conductor (iii) a long solenoid
7. Ampere’s law and its applications to (i) a long straight conductor (ii) a straight solenoid (ii) a toroidal solenoid
8. Force between two parallel conductors carrying current- definition of ampere
9. Force on moving charge; Force on a conductor
10. Force on moving charge; Force on a conductor

Unit 17: Magnetic Properties of Materials

1. Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux
2. Flux density in magnetic material; Relative permeability; Susceptibility
3. Hysteresis
4. Dia,-para- and ferro-magnetic materials

Unit 18: Electromagnetic Induction

1. Faraday’s laws; Induced electric fields
2. Lenz’s law, Motional electromotive force
3. A.C. generators; Eddy currents
4. Self-inductance and mutual inductance
5. Energy stored in an inductor
6. Transformer

Unit 19: Alternating Currents

1. Peak and rms value of AC current and voltage
2. AC through a resistor, a capacitor and an inductor
3. Phasor diagram
4. Series circuits containing combination of resistance, capacitance and inductance
5. Series resonance, quality factor
6. Power in AC circuits: power factor

Modern physics

Unit 20: Electrons

1. Milikan’s oil drop experiment
2. Motion of electron beam in electric and magnetic fields
3. Thomson’s experiment to determine specific charge of electrons

Unit 21: Photons

1. Quantum nature of radiation
2. Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Stopping potential
3. Measurement of Plank’s constant

Unit 22: Semiconductor Devices

1. P-N Junction
2. Semiconductor diode: Characteristics in forward and reverse bias
3. Full wave rectification
4. Logic gates; NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR

Unit 23: Quantization of Energy

1. Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom
2. Spectral series; Excitation and ionization potentials
3. De Broglie Theory; Duality
4. Uncertainly principle
5. X-rays: Nature and production; uses
6. X-rays diffraction, Bragg’s law

Unit 24: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reaction

1. Alpha-particles; Beta-particles, Gamma rays
2. Laws of radioactive disintegration
3. Half-life, mean-life and decay constant
4. Geiger-Muller Tube
5. Carbon dating
6. Medical use of nuclear radiation and possible health hazard

Unit 25: Recent Trends in Physics

1. Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves Internal waves: S and P-waves
2. Wave patterns of Gorkha Earthquake 2015
3. Gravitational Wave Nanotechnology Higgs Boson